Water hardness by city

Estimated water hardness for 19 cities, each with unit conversions, appliance settings and its published source. City figures are estimates, not tap-level tests.

Oceania

• Sydney, Australia: 57 ppm (soft)
• Melbourne, Australia: 25 ppm (soft)
• Brisbane, Australia: 81 ppm (moderately hard)
• Adelaide, Australia: 100 ppm (moderately hard)

Europe

• London, United Kingdom: 272 ppm (very hard)
• Paris, France: 249 ppm (very hard)
• Berlin, Germany: 303 ppm (very hard)
• Manchester, United Kingdom: 25 ppm (soft)

North America

• New York City, United States: 52 ppm (soft)
• Toronto, Canada: 121 ppm (hard)
• Vancouver, Canada: 5 ppm (soft)
• Calgary, Canada: 200 ppm (very hard)
• Seattle, United States: 24 ppm (soft)

Asia

• Tokyo, Japan: 66 ppm (moderately hard)
• Singapore, Singapore: 43 ppm (soft)

Africa

• Cape Town, South Africa: 45 ppm (soft)
• Johannesburg, South Africa: 85 ppm (moderately hard)

South America

• São Paulo, Brazil: 63 ppm (moderately hard)
• Buenos Aires, Argentina: 75 ppm (moderately hard)